Molar specific heats for some common gases at constant volume. Gases - Explosion and Flammability Concentration Limitsįlame and explosion limits for gases like propane, methane, butane, acetylene and more. tolerable concentration levels for some industrial gases.Ībsolute (dynamic) viscosities of some common gases. Online density converter with commonly used units.ĭangerous vs. Potential biogas production from animal manure.Ĭhemical, physical and thermal properties of n-Butane.ĭensities of common products - Imperial and SI-units. Typical composition of biogas produced from household waste. Specific heat of Benzene Gas - C6H6 - at temperatures ranging 250 - 900 K.Ĭarbon - Nitrogen ratios for biogas produced from various raw materials. Material properties of gases, fluids and solids - densities, specific heats, viscosities and more.ĭry air is a mixture of gases where the average molecular weight (or molar mass) can be calculated by adding the weight of each component.īenzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Definitions and convertion calculators.Īir, LNG, LPG and other common gas properties, pipeline capacities, sizing of relief valves. You can divide pounds per cubic foot by 32.2 for a rough value in slugs.ĭensities of solids, liquids and gases. Note that even if pounds per cubic foot is often used as a measure of density in the U.S., pounds are really a measure of force, not mass. Table 14.1 - Densities of Some Common Substances SolidsĪs you can see by examining Table 14.1) NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure - is defined as 20 oC (293.15 K, 68 oF) and 1 atm ( 101.325 kN/m 2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr)Ģ) STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure - is defined as 0 oC (273.15 K, 32 oF) and 1 atm (101.325 kN/m 2, 101.325 kPa, 14.7 psia, 0 psig, 30 in Hg, 760 torr) Plasma will not be discussed in depth in this chapter because plasma has very different properties from the three other common phases of matter, discussed in this chapter, due to the strong electrical forces between the charges. At high temperatures, molecules may disassociate into atoms, and atoms disassociate into electrons (with negative charges) and protons (with positive charges), forming a plasma. There exists one other phase of matter, plasma, which exists at very high temperatures.
In this chapter, we generally refer to both gases and liquids simply as fluids, making a distinction between them only when they behave differently. When placed in an open container, gases, unlike liquids, will escape. This makes gases relatively easy to compress and allows them to flow (which makes them fluids). In contrast, atoms in gases are separated by large distances, and the forces between atoms in a gas are therefore very weak, except when the atoms collide with one another. Because the atoms are closely packed, liquids, like solids, resist compression an extremely large force is necessary to change the volume of a liquid. When a liquid is placed in a container with no lid, it remains in the container.
That is, liquids flow (so they are a type of fluid), with the molecules held together by mutual attraction. This occurs because the atoms or molecules in a liquid are free to slide about and change neighbors. Liquids deform easily when stressed and do not spring back to their original shape once a force is removed. A gas must be held in a closed container to prevent it from expanding freely and escaping. (c) Atoms in a gas move about freely and are separated by large distances. Forces between the atoms strongly resist attempts to compress the atoms. (b) Atoms in a liquid are also in close contact but can slide over one another.
\): (a) Atoms in a solid are always in close contact with neighboring atoms, held in place by forces represented here by springs.